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Quagga Mussels Dreissena rostriformis bugensis -- Mollusca:
Dreissenidae |
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Where
quagga and zebra mussels co-exist, quagga mussels appear to outcompete zebra
mussels, and quagga mussels can colonize to depths greater than those
achieved by zebra mussels and are more tolerant of colder water
temperatures. For example, in Lake
Michigan, zebra mussels made up 98.3% of mussels in 2000, by 2005 quagga
mussels represented 97.7% of collected mussels. Zebra mussels were found at densities of around 899 per square
meter, but quagga mussels now dominate at 7,790 mussels per square
meter. Quagga mussels have been found
at depths of up to 540 feet in Lake Michigan where they filter feed year
round.Consequently, quagga mussels may end up being the more problematic of
these two mussel species in California. The
shells of both mussel species are sharp and can cut people, which forces the
wearing of shoes when walking along infested beaches or over rocks. Mussels
adhering to boat hulls can increase drag, affect boat steering, and clog
engines, all of which can lead to overheating and engine malfunctions. Ecological problems also result from
mussel invasions. Zebra and quagga
mussels can kill native freshwater mussels in two ways: (1) attachment to the
shells of native species can kill them, and (2) these invasive species can
outcompete native mussels and other filter feeding invertebrates for
food. This problem has been
particularly acute in some areas of the USA that have a very rich diversity
of native freshwater mussel species. The
encrusting of lake and river bottoms can displace native aquatic arthropods
that need soft sediments for burrowing. In the Great Lakes this had lead to
the collapse of amphipod populations that fish rely on for food and the health
of fish populations has been severely affected. These
mussels have been associated with avian botulism outbreaks in the Great Lakes
that have caused the mortality of tens of thousands of birds. Because of their filter feeding habit, it
has been estimated that these mussels can bioaccumlate organic pollutants in
their tissues by as much as 300,000 times when compared to concentrations in
the water in which they are living.
Consequently, these pollutants can biomagnify as they are passed up
the food chain when contaminated mussels are eaten by predators (e.g., fish
and crayfish), who in turn are eaten by other organisms (e.g., recreational
fishermen who eat contaminated fish).
High mussel populations can increase water acidity and decrease
concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
Invasions by quagga and zebra mussels have been documented as having
some positive affects on receiving ecosystems. For example, filtration of water by mussels as they extract
food removes particulate matter. This
filtration has improved water clarity, and reduced the eutrophication of
polluted lakes. In some instances
these improvements may have benefited local fishing industries. Conversely, improved water clarity allows
penetration of light to greater depths which can alter the species
composition of aquatic plant communities and associated ecosystems. This improved water quality is thought to
aid algal blooms that get washed ashore where they rot making recreational
beaches unusable. Also, the highly
efficient removal of phytoplankton can deprive other aquatic species of food.
Invasion success in some areas of California may be affected by water
chemistry. Waterways around the Sierra Nevada mountains may have insufficient
calcium (an element needed for shell growth) and some lakes in northeast
California may be too salty for mussel survival. However, the general consensus is that most freshwater ways in
California will be accommodating to zebra and quagga mussels. REFERENCES: Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem, An
Overview. 2016. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers (PDF). Angling club closes down at 'clean' Salford
Quays. 2011. B.B.C. News. 19 December. Benson,
Amy. 2009. Zebra mussel FAQs. Florida biology.usgs.gov. Blažka,
F. 1893. Do Čech zavlečená slávka: Dreissena polymorpha Pall. Vesmír (in Czech). 22 (15): 177–178. Borcherding,
J. 1991. The annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha Pallas in
lakes. Oecologia. 87
(2): 208–218. Bowman,
Sarah. 2021. Have
an aquarium? Here are the five things to know about invasive zebra mussels in
moss balls. The Indianapolis Star.
16 November. British waterways fight invasion by Russian zebra
mussels. 2011. B.B.C. News. 4 August. Case Study:
Zebra Mussel. 2009. United States Department Of State.
The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.
2001-2009.state.gov. Connelly,
N. A.; C. R. O'Neill Jr., B. A.
Knuth & T. L. Brown.
2007. Economic impacts of zebra
mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation
facilities. Environ Management. 40
(1): 105–12. Drake,
John M. & Jonathan M. Bossenbroek.
2004. The Potential
Distribution of zebra mussels in the United States. BioScience 54 (10). Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771). 2013. World Register of Marine Species.. Feb 25, 2017. Effler,
Steven W., Carol M. Brooks, Keith Whitehead, Bruce Wagner, Susan M. Doerr,
MaryGail Perkins, Clifford A. Siegfried, Leigh Walrath & Raymond P. Canale. 1996.
Impact of Zebra Mussel Invasion on River Water Quality. Water Environment Research Vol. 68 (2: 205–214. Garton, D.
W.; D. J. Berg, A. M. Stoeckmann & W. R. Hagg. 1993. Biology of recent invertebrate invading
species in the Great Lakes: The spiny water flea, Bythotrephes cederstoemi, and the zebra mussel, Dreissena
polymorpha. In McKnight, B. N.
(ed.). Biological pollution: The control and impact of invasive exotic
species. Indianapolis, Indiana:
Indiana Academy of Science. pp. 63–84. Hoddle,
M. S. 2010. Quagga and Zebra
Mussels. Center For Invasive
Species Research, Univ. of Calif.
Riverside. Horsák,
M., L. Juřičková, L. Beran,
T. Čejka & L. Dvořák. 2010. Komentovaný
seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě
České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded
outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics].
Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1–37. Janega,
James. 2008. Botulism
takes fatal toll on thousands of Great Lakes birds. Chicago Tribune.
28 September. Lori,
Elisabetta & Simone Cianfanelli. 2006.
New records of Dreissena polymorpha
(Pallas, 1771) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from Central
Italy. Aquatic Invasions. 1
(4): 281–283. Mackie,
G.; W. Gibbons, B. Muncaster & L. Gray. 1989. The Zebra Mussel,
Dreissena polymorpha: A
synthesis of European Experiences and a preview for North America
(Report). Ontario Ministry of
Environment. Manitoba family spots 'dark clumps' of zebra
mussels at Grand Beach. 2017. C.B.C. News Manitoba. 5 June. Molloya,
Daniel P.; Alexander Y. Karatayevb; Lyubov E. Burlakovab; Dina P.
Kurandinac; & Franck
Laruellea. 1997. Natural enemies of zebra mussels:
Predators, parasites, and ecological competitors. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 5 (1): 27–97. Mollusca Slovenska. 1991. [The Slovak
molluscs]. VEDA vydavateľstvo
Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 344 pp. Nicholls,
Kenneth H. & Gordon J. Hopkins. 1993.
Recent Changes in Lake Erie (North Shore) Phytoplankton: Cumulative Impacts
of Phosphorus Loading Reductions and the Zebra Mussel Introduction. Journal of Great Lakes Research. 19
(4): 637–647. Oppi,
E. 1973. Dreissena polymorpha
(Pallas) nuovamente in Italia. (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae). Mem. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Verona (in
Italian). 20: 45–49. Province redoubles fight against zebra mussels. 2015.
Winnipeg Sun. 28 May, Quagga and Zebra Mussels Incident
Description. 2018. California Department of
Fish & Wildlife. 5 June. Sagoff,
M. 2003. What's Wrong with
Exotic Species? (Report). College Park, Maryland: Institute for
Philosophy and Public Policy, Maryland School of Public Affairs. 13 pp. Schloesser, Don
W. & Thomas F. Nalepa. 1994. Dramatic
decline of unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie after
infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena
polymorpha. USGS
Great Lakes Science Center. Stimers,
M. J. 2008. Zebra Mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha) Invasion into the Upper Platte River: Using GIS and
Genetic Algorithm Rule-set Prediction to Model Spread. The Pennsylvania Geographer 45 (2): 57–70. Stoler,
Steve. 2011. Water
district braces for North Texas drought crisis. 2012.
WFAA.com. 24 April. Strayer,
David L. 2009. Twenty Years of Zebra Mussels: Lessons
from the Mollusk That Made Headlines.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment Vol. 7 (3): 135–141. The
National Atlas of the United States of America. 2009. Zebra Mussels. Nationalatlas.gov. Van Damme,
D. 2014. Dreissena
polymorpha. IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species. Walker,
Tim. 1991. Dreissena Disaster: Scientists battle an invasion of zebra mussels. Science News 4 May 1991 Werner,
S. 2005. Strong impact of wintering waterbirds on
zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
populations at Lake Constance, Germany. Freshwater Biology. 50 (8):
1412–1426. Zebra Mussel Discovered in North Dakota. 2020. North Dakota Game and Fish
Department. 1 July. Zebra mussel = Invasive species: Minnesota
DNR. 1999. Dnr.state.mn.us. 1999-08-24. Zebra Mussels Overwhelm U.S. Waterways in the
Great Lakes Region and Beyond – Copper Screens and Coatings Provide a
Solution to this $500 million Problem.
2009. Copper Development
Association. 30 July. |
